Public Health Surveillance

서울흥신소 In public health surveillance is the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of information about a disease or health-related event. Surveillance can be case-based or aggregate.

서울흥신소

The word surveillance derives from French surveiller (“to watch, oversee, supervise”). Surveillance can be done through cameras, bugging devices and listening devices. It can be augmented by public awareness campaigns.

Observation

Surveillance is the act of monitoring a subject to gather information. It can be done in many ways, including using video surveillance in the workplace to monitor employee behavior, or by spying on a target with sophisticated technological equipment like satellites and drones. It can also be used to track down suspects or monitor an area for suspicious activity.

In the case of human surveillance, it’s often done covertly. This involves techniques that allow the spy to listen in on conversations, infiltrate an organization without the knowledge of those within it or even read body heat signatures from a distance. In the digital world, surveillance is usually done through data-gathering apps on smartphones and facial recognition software in smart security camera systems.

It can also be conducted on a mass scale through technology such as satellites that are able to capture images of almost any location on Earth and send them back to a base station. This allows for a high level of detail and is often used to target large groups of people or areas such as a weapons depot, drug storage or the movement of large numbers of humans. Public health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data, such as morbidity, mortality and risk factors in a population. This enables early detection of disease outbreaks and informs priority-setting in humanitarian emergencies.

Interception서울흥신소

The interception of private communications is a serious matter that raises significant concerns for individual privacy. The Department of Justice recognizes the use of these interception techniques in appropriate circumstances, such as to gather evidence of a violation of Federal law, to protect informants and undercover officers, or to fulfill other compelling needs.

Interception should only occur when a court has issued an order authorizing the surveillance. The application for the order should be approved by a judge of the highest court of general trial jurisdiction or an appeals court. The judge should also ensure that a court-ordered electronic surveillance is conducted only when necessary to investigate or prosecute a designated offense.

When a defendant claims that his or her communications with other people were intercepted unlawfully, the defendant should be asked to provide descriptive biographical data and a specific time period within which the alleged electronic surveillance was conducted. This will allow the government to identify and respond to the allegation.

Before an agency representative can make a request for emergency authorization to intercept communications, oral approval must be obtained from the Attorney General, the Deputy Attorney General, or the Associate Attorney General in charge of the Criminal Division’s Office of Enforcement Operations. This approval is facilitated by the Electronic Surveillance Unit, which serves as the initial contact between the Office of Enforcement Operation and the agency representative.

Analysis

Analysis is the interpretation and use of surveillance data to identify and monitor health problems, inform and guide public health practice, and inform priority-setting, policy formulation, planning and evaluation. It involves the systematic ongoing collection, analysis and interpretation of health data, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of this information to those who need it to take action.

An effective disease surveillance system is essential for early detection of and response to outbreaks. However, it is often difficult to get reliable and meaningful information at the district level in Tanzania because of poor data management practices, lack of skills and complex information systems.

In the field of public health, surveillance is most commonly associated with monitoring of infectious diseases. This type of surveillance typically occurs at the national level and includes assessing individual cases, identification of causative organisms, tracking trends and monitoring in various settings including hospitalizations and doctor offices, school attendance and vaccine uptake.

More sophisticated automated video surveillance technologies rely on a combination of algorithms and intelligence to detect suspicious activity. These systems can measure and analyze human physical and behavioral characteristics such as body language, facial expressions, gait and voice for authentication and identification purposes. These systems are also increasingly being used for security and homeland defense. The technology behind these systems is referred to as “standoff biometrics” and it is being incorporated into personal devices such as smartphones, tablets, cars and other appliances.

Dissemination

The ability to collect, collate, analyze and disseminate information is central to surveillance. This means that it is important to ensure that people who need to know are informed.

A number of different approaches can be used to achieve this. One common method is a system of “notifiable” diseases – a set of clinical conditions that are required to be reported by attending clinicians and pathologists in order to help identify the occurrence of disease within a population. However, this approach is only effective if all cases of disease are reported and is inefficient for monitoring asymptomatic infections or a disease that spreads passively in the community (such as influenza).

Another method is to disseminate data through targeted communication with the appropriate people. This can be done by a variety of means, including letters to health-care providers and laboratories, meetings, telephone contacts, public announcements in the media and through electronic communications. The use of innovative methods for presenting information capitalizing on current audiovisual technology can also be helpful. Pilot studies undertaken in the ORION project showed that the effectiveness of the dissemination process largely depends on the way in which surveillance results are written and communicated. For example, introducing new sections or re-structuring OH chapters to enable the harmonised provision of metadata in a surveillance report has great value.